photovoltaic-thermal systems. All simulation steps, including geometry drawing, meshing, and calculations, were performed in COMSOL software, and the fluid used in the system is water. In this study, the cooling effect was investigated by comparing five types of coatings made from three materials: glass, polydimethylsiloxane, and silica, in a photovoltaic-thermal system. This comparison was conducted based on the weather data for August 6 and February 4 for the city of Yazd at different hours of the day. The aim of investigating different coatings is to assess the feasibility of radiative cooling for photovoltaic-thermal systems. The coatings used in the first stage were glass, and in the next step, instead of glass, two other types of coatings, polydimethylsiloxane and silica, with pyramidal protrusions on their surfaces were used. In the final step, a combination of glass with polydimethylsiloxane and silica was investigated. The purpose of using different coatings with protrusions is to increase the emissivity coefficient and enhance the radiative cooling of the cell. The difference between the radiative analysis in this study and other studies is that, in order to increase the accuracy of the solution, the effect of the thermal radiation emitted by the surroundings, which is caused by the relative humidity of the air, as well as the wavelength-dependent properties of the coating, were taken into account to improve the accuracy of the calculations. The combined polydimethylsiloxane and glass coating leads to an improvement in electrical efficiency, while the silica coating improves thermal efficiency. The electrical and thermal efficiencies when using glass at peak irradiation are 14.81% and 42.17%, respectively; for polydimethylsiloxane, they are 14.8% and 42.7%; for the combination of glass and polydimethylsiloxane, they are 14.9% and 35%; and for silica, they are 14.7% and 48.12%. The greatest temperature reduction among the coatings is achieved with the polydimethylsiloxane-glass coating, which reduces the temperature of the photovoltaic cell by 2.6 °C. Radiative cooling has a positive effect on improving electrical efficiency, but it has the opposite effect on thermal efficiency and causes a reduction in the thermal efficiency of the system  

modules.  

   Abstract Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is a promising method for replacing the traditional hydrogenation desulfurization process. High selectivity in removing refractory organic sulfur compounds, low cost, and milder operating conditions are the most important advantages of this desulfurization method, which has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades. In this research, a 3%Mn-15%MoO3/?-Al2O3 bimetallic catalyst along with H2O2 as an oxidizing agent and DMF as a solvent were used to remove organic sulfur compounds by oxidative desulfurization. For this purpose, the mesoporous 3%Mn-15%MoO3/?-Al2O3 catalyst was synthesized using the wetness impregnation method. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDS-MAPP, and BET tests, showing that the catalyst with 15%Wt MoO3 (as the active metal) and 3%Wt Mn (as the promoter metal) exhibited the best performance for oxidative desulfurization. Subsequently, the operating conditions were optimized using Design Expert 11 software and the CCD(central composite design) method to achieve the highest desulfurization efficiency. The highest desulfurization efficiency was achieved at an O/S molar ratio of 3.4, a catalyst loading of 1.1 grams for 3%Mn-15%MoO3/?-Al2O3, a reaction temperature of 60.2°C, and a reaction time of 30 minutes. Additionally, under these optimized conditions, the ODS process was performed on sour gas oil and fuel oil cuts produced by the Lavan oil refinery, resulting in desulfurization efficiencies of 58% and 44%, respectively. These efficiencies were expected due to the higher concentration and complexity of sulfur compounds present in these cuts. Finally, the 3%Mn-15%MoO3/ ?-Al2O3 catalyst underwent five regeneration cycles, and the results demonstrated that the catalyst maintained its activity well and can be reused after five regeneration cycles.    Keywords: desulfurization, Oxidative desulfurization, Bimetallic Catalyst, Wetness Impregnation,   Modeling And Optimization.   

  In this study, the effects of various pretreatment methods on cellulase enzyme production from wheat straw using solid-state fermentation and the fungus *Trichoderma reesei* ATCC 26921 were investigated. Wheat straw, as a significant agricultural waste in Iran, has high potential for producing industrial enzymes and bio-products. The main objective was to find the optimal pretreatment method for maximizing cellulase production. Through Box-Behnken design, the best fermentation conditions were found at 30°C, 80% humidity, over 6 days. The study explored acidic, alkaline, combined, and deep eutectic solvent pretreatments, revealing that the deep eutectic solvent calcium carbonate-glycerol improved enzymatic activity by 38% compared to untreated samples. FTIR analysis showed enhanced lignin and hemicellulose degradation, improving cellulose accessibility. This research emphasizes sustainable development and optimal use of agricultural waste, offering new pathways for industrial enzyme production and reduced environmental pollution.